TIGblogs - Country - Algeria http://algeria.tigblog.org/ What's on the minds of young leaders from around the globe? en-us kamel http://.tigblog.org/post/230635 kamel

Date : 1 févr. 2018
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]]> Thu, 01 Feb 2018 07:02:00 EST http://.tigblog.org/post/230635 35.2141667 4.182535.21416674.1825 hamam gergour http://.tigblog.org/post/245767 hamam gergour

Date : 1 févr. 2018
Nombre de photos dans l'album : 16

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]]> Thu, 01 Feb 2018 06:02:00 EST http://.tigblog.org/post/245767 35.2141667 4.182535.21416674.1825 mosqué dachra gueblia Bousaada http://.tigblog.org/post/350005 mosqué dachra gueblia Bousaada

Date : 30 janv. 2018
Nombre de photos dans l'album : 7

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]]> Tue, 30 Jan 2018 08:01:00 EST http://.tigblog.org/post/350005 35.2141667 4.182535.21416674.1825 Martin Luther King, The Man of peace http://.tigblog.org/post/518507 I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down together at a table of brotherhood. I have a dream that my four children will one day live in a nation where they will not be juged by the colour of their skin but by the content of their character, Ihave a dream today. I have a dream that one day little black boys and black girls will be able to join hands with little boys and white girls and walk together as sisters and brothers.
When we let freedom ring, when we let it from every village, from every state and every city, we will be able to speed up that day when all God's children,black men and white men will be able to join hands and sing in the words of the old Negro spiritual " Free at last , free at last , Thank god almighty we are free at last".]]> Wed, 05 Nov 2008 12:02:00 EST http://.tigblog.org/post/518507 حب الوطن http://.tigblog.org/post/515869 - إن واجبنا اتجاه أوطاننا هو الوقوف في أوجه كل الذين يريدون تحطيمها ويسعون لخرابها ويذلون الشعب البرئ ويكرسون الطبقية أي المستعبد والمستعبد فلا بد من توحيد قوانا من أجل لم شمل وطننا وبناءه بنيانا لا يتهد بعده أبدا.]]> Mon, 03 Nov 2008 04:39:00 EST http://.tigblog.org/post/515869 وعي الشباب في العالم http://.tigblog.org/post/515333 إن شباب اليوم قادر على التغيير والعيش في حياة النعيم التي هو يرغب بها لذلك لا بد من توحيد مجهوداتنا والمساهمة في بناء أوطاننا حتى نحقق رؤانا المستقبلية.]]> Sun, 02 Nov 2008 06:38:00 EST http://.tigblog.org/post/515333 الأطفال والتعليم http://.tigblog.org/post/515331 Sun, 02 Nov 2008 06:31:00 EST http://.tigblog.org/post/515331 الأطفال والتعليم http://.tigblog.org/post/515329 Sun, 02 Nov 2008 06:30:00 EST http://.tigblog.org/post/515329 شهداء الثورة الجزائرية!!! http://.tigblog.org/post/515095 ]]> Sat, 01 Nov 2008 20:00:00 EDT http://.tigblog.org/post/515095 ذكرى اندلاع الثورة التحريرية الكبرى http://.tigblog.org/post/513761
اتخذت مجموعة الستة في اجتماعها ببونت بيسكاد (الرايس حميدو حاليا) قرارا بتقسيم التراب الوطني إلى خمس مناطق وتعيين مسؤوليها وهم:

المنطقة الأولى- الأوراس: مصطفى بن بولعيد.

المنطقة الثانية - الشمال القسنطيني: ديدوش مراد.

المنطقة الثالثة - القبائل: كريم بلقاسم.

المنطقة الرابعة - العاصمة وضواحيها: رابح بيطاط.

المنطقة الخامسة- وهران: محمد العربي بن مهيدي.




وفي الإجتماع الموالي أي يوم 23 أكتوبر 1954 تم الاتفاق على

- إعطاء اسم جبهة التحرير الوطني للحركة الجديدة وتنظيمها العسكري جيش التحرير الوطني.

- تحديد يوم انطلاق العمل المسلح: 1 نوفمبر.

- وفي اليوم الموالي 24 أكتوبر تمت المصادقة على محتوى وثيقة نداء أول نوفمبر 1954 الذي يؤكد على:

- إعادة بناء الدولة الجزائرية الديمقراطية الاجتماعية ضمن إطار المبادئ الإسلامية.

- احترام جميع الحريات الأساسية.

- التطهير السياسي.

- تجميع وتنظيم الطاقات السليمة لتصفية الاستعمار.

- تدويل القضية الجزائرية.

وغير ذلك من النقاط الهامة، وهذا قد تم توزيع هذا النداء يوم أول نوفمبر 1954 غداة اندلاع الكفاح المسلح والذي بلغ في ذلك اليوم حوالي 33 عملية عسكرية موزعة على كامل التراب الوطني.

وقد كان ذلك الحدث العظيم محل بلاغ مقتضب ومضلل أصدره الحاكم العام روجي ليونار زوال أول نوفمبر.


المرحلة الأولى : الانطلاقة 1954م-1956م

وقعت الحوادث الأولى للثورة في مختلف أنحاء الوطن. و بـعـدد قـلـيـل من الرجال أغلب سلاحهم يــتــمــثــل في بــنادق صـيـد وبــعض البــقــايـــا من أسلحة الحـــرب الــعالمــية الـــثانــية تم جلبها من قبل المنظمة الخاصة عن طريق وادي سوف.





ولقد كانت إستراتيجية الثورة في بدايتها تعتمد على:

- سرعة الحركة وذلك بالاعتماد على مجموعات خفيفة تعمل في أماكن متعددة ومتباعدة.

- العمل على ضرب المصالح الاستعمارية.

- القيام بتجنيد وتعبئة كافة أفراد الشعب للانضمام لجبهة التحرير الوطني.

وهذه الإستراتيجية تحكمت في صنعها الظروف التي كانت سائدة آنذاك والتي تمتاز بـ :

-احتدام الصراع داخل صفوف " حركة الانتصار للحريات الديمقراطية" .

- فشل العمل السياسي الذي أجهضته الدوائر الاستعمارية بالاختراق وتزوير الانتخابات.

-الدعاية الفرنسية الزاعمة بأن الداعين للاستقلال ما هم إلا مجرمون وفلاقة.




تحملت المنطقة الأولى- الأوراس العبء الأكبر بحيث كثف العدو حصاره لها، مما جعل ذلك من الانشغالات الكبرى لقادة المنطقة الثانية التي كانت هي الأخرى تواجه ظروفا صعبة جدا ، وهو ما دفع بقيادتها إلى القيام بعملية عسكرية ضخمة بهدف فك الحصار المضروب على المنطقة الأولى ، ونتيجة لذلك حدثت هجومات 20 اوت 1955م على الشمال القسنطيني بقيادة زيغود يوسف.





وتعد عمليات 20 أوت أول التحام حقيقي بين جيش التحرير الوطني والشعب من أجل فك الحصار على الثورة في كل مكان وإثبات وحدة الشعب وجيش التحرير الوطني في كفاح واحد حتى الاستقلال التام. ومن أبرز النتائج المترتبة عنها:

-تخفيف الضغط العسكري الذي كان مسلطا على المنطقة الأولى.

- انتشار فكرة الثورة في الأوساط الشعبية.

-التأكيد على أن جيش التحرير الوطني مستعد لمواجهة الجيش الفرنسي في وضح النهار وفي المدن الكبرى.

- إبراز شعبية الثورة ووطنيتها وذلك بإشتراك أكبر عدد من أفراد الشعب.

- إعطاء الدليل القاطع للأمم المتحدة على أن ما يجري في الجزائر هو ثورة وطنية وليست مجرد تمرد كما تدعي السلطات الفرنسية، خاصة وأن الأحداث جاءت عشية انعقاد الدورة العاشرة للجمعية العامة للأمم المتحدة.

- تعاطف الثورة الجزائرية مع الشعب المغربي في الذكرى الثانية لنفي الملك المغربي محم الخامس

























المرحلة الثانية : مرحلة التنظيم والتموين 1956م- 1958م





قرر أن يجتمع قادة المناطق بعد ستة أشهر من إندلاع الثورة لكن الظروف حالت دون ذلك ومن أبرزها فرض حالة الطوارئ على مجموع التراب الوطني، إلى جانب استشهاد ديدوش مراد في 18 جانفي 1955م في معركة "بوكركر" قرب اسمندو. ولكن بعد هجومات 20 أوت تحقق الإجتماع في وادي الصومام في المكان المسمى "إيفري". وذلك يوم 20 أوت 1956م، وقد حضر اللقاء البعض من قادة المناطق وتغيب البعض الآخر لأسباب أمنية وكان الــهــدف مـنـــه هو وضع نـظــام موحد للعمل العسكري والـسـيــاسي تسير عليه كل المناطق ، و تـوضـيـح الأهداف التي جــاءت في نداء أول نــوفـمبر 1954م مع دراسة المستجدات التي حدثت في مواقف التشكيلات السياسية الجزائرية وكذلك السلطات الفرنسية . ومن بين الذين حضروا المؤتمر : زيغود يوسف، عبان رمضان، كريم بلقاسم، أعمر أوعمران، عميروش، العربي بن مهيدي، لخضر بن طوبال، مصطفى بن عودة.





]]> Fri, 31 Oct 2008 05:00:00 EDT http://.tigblog.org/post/513761 العنف المدرسي http://.tigblog.org/post/512394 ....يتبع....]]> Wed, 29 Oct 2008 12:47:00 EDT http://.tigblog.org/post/512394 Aish.com Heroes of Israel: Sherri and Seth Mandell http://.tigblog.org/post/510237 ]]> Mon, 27 Oct 2008 14:48:00 EDT http://.tigblog.org/post/510237 From Ethiopia To Israel's Knesset http://.tigblog.org/post/510234 ]]> Mon, 27 Oct 2008 14:45:00 EDT http://.tigblog.org/post/510234 أغنية سعاد ماسي -يا قلبي- بمعية صور عتيقة من الجزائر الشقيقة http://.tigblog.org/post/507861 ]]> Sat, 25 Oct 2008 20:41:00 EDT http://.tigblog.org/post/507861 Musiciens Pour La Palestine ... Musicians For Palestine . http://.tigblog.org/post/507857 ]]> Sat, 25 Oct 2008 20:25:00 EDT http://.tigblog.org/post/507857 Kilyoum By Souad Massi-Ramallah-2007 http://.tigblog.org/post/507851 ]]> Sat, 25 Oct 2008 19:48:00 EDT http://.tigblog.org/post/507851 Peacemakers: Palestinians and Jews Together at Camp http://.tigblog.org/post/507521 ]]> Fri, 24 Oct 2008 12:03:00 EDT http://.tigblog.org/post/507521 Inside story- Gaza blockade- 24 Aug 08- Part 1 http://.tigblog.org/post/507348 ]]> Thu, 23 Oct 2008 22:41:00 EDT http://.tigblog.org/post/507348 Scottish woman on boat to Gaza http://.tigblog.org/post/507340 ]]> Thu, 23 Oct 2008 21:51:00 EDT http://.tigblog.org/post/507340 The U.S. - Muslim Engagement Project http://.tigblog.org/post/504773 ]]> Fri, 17 Oct 2008 07:27:00 EDT http://.tigblog.org/post/504773 حقوق الإنسان http://.tigblog.org/post/501067 وقد جاء في تقرير للجنة حقوق الانسان أن سجل الجزائر في هذا المجال لا يزال ضعيفا، بل تدهور في بعض -المجالات مثل حرية الصحافة، غير أن التقرير أشار أيضا إلى تطورات إيجابية تحققت في مجالات أخرى.
وقال التقرير إن العنف اليومي في الجزائر تراجع، وتحسنت الأوضاع قياسا على عقد التسعينيات من القرن الماضي الذي شهد عمليات منظمة لخطف الأفراد وقتلهم بطريقة وحشية، مستدركا أن البلاد تأثرت سلبا بمعاناة عقد كامل من الحرب الأهلية الطاحنة بين المؤيدين والمعارضين لقيام حكومة إسلامية.




وأشار التقرير إلى مشكلات قائمة حول ممارسات تنتهك حقوق الإنسان مثل الاعتقالات التعسفية والحبس الانفرادي للأشخاص لفترات طويلة والاستخدام المفرط للقوة واستمرار حالة الطوارئ.




وقال التقرير إن الحكومة الجزائرية تواصل تقييد حرية التعبير والصحافة والاجتماع، كما أن ثمة استخداما متزايدا لقوانين مكافحة التشهير ضد الصحافة، فضلا عن المضايقات الحكومية المستمرة للأخيرة.




إلى ذلك، يقيد قانون الأسرة في الجزائر حريات المرأة المدنية، رغم التعديلات الليبرالية التي تبنتها الحكومة، والتي تنتظر موافقة مجلس الوزراء والجمعية الوطنية.




ومن جهة متصلة، أشاد التقرير بإقرار قانون جزائري جديد يجرم التحرش الجنسي بالمرأة.




وذكر التقرير أن الانتخابات الرئاسية الأخيرة جرت في أجواء تنافسية، وبشفافية غير مسبوقة، رغم وجود ثغرات في العملية الانتخابية.




وأثنى التقرير على الدور المحايد للجيش الجزائري إبان إقرار تعديل قانون الانتخاب، والذي تم بموجبه إنهاء تصويت قوات الأمن في ثكناتها. وكانت تلك الممارسات مصدرا لانتهاكات انتخابية في الماضي.




وألمح التقرير إلى انتهاء عمليات القتل خارج نطاق القانون، وتراجع حالات التعذيب، فضلا عن تمرير الحكومة لقانون يحظر كافة أشكال التعذيب.




وذكر التقرير أن الصليب الأحمر الدولي منح الجزائر علامات جيدة بشأن تحسين أوضاع المعتقلات.




وفيما انتقد التقرير سلبية التعامل مع قضايا "المفقودين"، امتدح البيان الذي أصدرته الحكومة بقبول المسؤولية عن المفقودين دون الإقرارا بالذنب عن التصرفات التي ارتكبها ضباط أمن يعملون بالحكومة.




وحول التعامل مع قضايا الأقليات، قال التقرير إن الجزائر حققت اختراقا واضحا في هذا المجال.










أنتهى التقرير







تساؤلات







الحكومة تمرر قانون يحظر كافة أشكال التعذيب.!!!!!!


ما جدوى هذا القانون


ومن يعذب في من ؟


هل الحكومة سوف تعاقب نفسها لتعذيبها لمواطينيها ؟


أم أن المواطن هو الذي يعذب في الحكومة ؟


أين هم المفقودين ؟


هل هم أحياء تحت الارض أم أنهم تحتها امواتاً ؟؟؟


هل ستحاسب الحكومة نفسها وتعاقب رجال أمنها ؟؟؟


أم أن من مات قد مات ونرجو منكم عدم التكرار ؟


أين حقوق المرأة الجزائرية ؟؟؟


وهل هي نصف المجتمع ؟؟؟


أم أنها لازالت سلعة تُباع وتُشترى ؟؟؟


أين حرية الصحافة ؟؟؟


أين لسان الاحرار ؟؟؟


متى تنتهي الاعتقالات التعسفية والحبس الانفرادي للأشخاص ؟


ومتى يتوقف الاستخدام المفرط للقوة واستمرار حالة الطوارئ. ؟


ومتى تنتهي المعتقلات في الجزائر ؟


ومتى ينتهي التحرش الجنسي بالمرأة في الجزائر ؟


ومتى تنتهى الانتهاكات الانتخابية في الجزائر ؟









فهل سوف يتمتع هذا الجيل بالحرية وبحقوقه


أم سوف تتمتع بها الاجيال المقبلة


أم أنه درباً من دروب المحال]]> Sun, 12 Oct 2008 12:10:00 EDT http://.tigblog.org/post/501067 ACTION FOR PALESTINE http://.tigblog.org/post/472855
01 أبريل، 2008
What's Action 4 palestine?
Action4palestine (a4p) is a non profit (tell me about it)organisation based on the internet and soon - after our vast expansion policies kick-in, this is a World Domination Peace Project - throughout the wider world, ie. globally!!

This Group is part of a Global peace Movement founded in Palestine, 2007. It aims at supporting Palestinians until reaching their just goals. Dozens of groups and movements are being established but the Palestinian cause remains the same. Our offices will be worldwide including the occupied land of Palestinian ( half of my sitting room, Som,UK).

All people who seek peace are most welcome in our movement. This movement doesn't care about ethnicity, religious background or colour. We believe in humanity and that we are all from the same origin of Adam and Eve. Accordingly, peace is our only aspiration. Man must live in peace wherever and whenever. In Palestine, the conflict has had an abundant time where blood and killing have dominated the stage.

Now, it's the time we make a difference�

If your goals are geared towards the common good of man you can join us but try to know:

We are all human and we look into the common interest of people all over the world.

If you reckon of this you are most welcome.

Action4palestine Coordinator
Sameh A. Habeeb .

I. MISSION: Part and parcel of the larger movement sweeping across the United States, Canada, Latin America, Europe, the Middle-East and beyond.

Action4Palestine (A4P) is a diverse group of students, faculty, staff, and community members centred somewhere between Gaza Somerset(UK), and organized in accordance with democratic principles to promote justice, human rights, and self-determination for the Palestinian people.

II. GUIDING PRINCIPLES: As an advocacy group, A4P believes that key principles grounded in international law, human rights, and basic standards of justice. BLOGS

http://www.smithbowen.net/linfame/brenner

http://www.action4palestine.blogspot.com ]]> Sun, 07 Sep 2008 10:31:00 EDT http://.tigblog.org/post/472855 tout sur l'avant centre de l'Olympique Lyonnais et de l'équipe de France Karim Benzéma http://.tigblog.org/post/472387

Né de parents Kabyles dans la banlieue lyonnaise, Karim Benzema s'initie au football dans un club de Bron, le SC Bron Terraillon. À neuf ans, à la suite d'un match entre son équipe et les poussins de l'Olympique lyonnais, il prend une licence à l'OL et débute sa formation dans les équipes de jeunes du club rhodanien dans le collège Saint-Louis Saint-Bruno. Benzema, qui prend pour modèle le buteur brésilien Ronaldo, révèle son potentiel en marquant 38 buts pour l'équipe des moins de 16 ans de l'OL.


Parcours à l'OL
Durant la saison 2004-2005, Karim Benzema s'illustre avec l'équipe des moins de 18 ans de l'Olympique lyonnais, inscrivant 12 buts en 14 rencontres. Jugé prometteur, il est intégré au groupe professionnel et dispute six matches de Ligue 1. L'entraîneur Paul Le Guen le fait entrer en jeu pour la première fois en janvier 2005 face au FC Metz. Alors qu'il effectue ses débuts dans le championnat de France, Benzema délivre une passe décisive pour Bryan Bergougnoux. Il signe alors son premier contrat professionnel et s'engage avec le club rhodanien pour une durée de trois ans.
En 2005-2006, Benzema poursuit sa progression en découvrant la Ligue des Champions. Face au club norvégien de Rosenborg, lors de la 6e journée de la première phase de poule, Gérard Houllier titularise les jeunes Jérémy Clément, Hatem Ben Arfa et Karim Benzema. Celui-ci inscrit son premier but en match officiel.
Il dispute treize rencontres de Ligue 1 et est titularisé à quatre reprises ; lors de la 29e journée le jeune attaquant marque son premier but en championnat face à l'AC Ajaccio. À la fin de la saison, Benzema affirme qu'il veut s'imposer à l'OL, « l'une des meilleures équipes d'Europe » selon lui. Il prolonge alors son contrat jusqu'en 2010.
L'Olympique lyonnais entame la saison 2006-2007 avec une victoire lors du Trophée des Champions. Menés par le PSG, et privés des joueurs ayant pris part à la coupe du monde 2006, les Lyonnais égalisent grâce à un penalty de Benzema, avant de s'imposer lors de la séance de tirs au but. Benzema trouve peu à peu sa place au sein d'un effectif lyonnais riche en attaquants internationaux, comme les ailiers Sylvain Wiltord et Sidney Govou, ainsi que les attaquants axiaux Fred et John Carew, auquel succède bientôt Milan Baroš. En octobre, lors de la 10e journée de Ligue 1, Benzema remplace Fred, sorti sur blessure, et donne l'avantage à l'OL au Stade Vélodrome. Blessé à la cuisse en novembre, Benzema ne peut honorer sa première sélection en équipe de France, et est de nouveau écarté des terrains durant quelques semaines en janvier 2007. Il dispute 21 matches de championnat au cours de la saison, dont 13 comme titulaire, et inscrit 5 buts. Il marque également en Ligue des Champions, face au Steaua Bucarest, puis au Dynamo Kiev. Ce dernier but offre la victoire à son équipe ainsi que la qualification pour les 8e de finale de la compétition.
Au début de la saison 2007-2008, l'OL annonce que Benzema a prolongé son contrat jusqu'en 2012. Celui-ci s'impose en tant que titulaire et inscrit notamment le premier triplé de sa carrière face au FC Metz[. L'attaquant s'est fixé comme objectif d'inscrire quinze buts en championnat et atteint ce total dès la 23e journée, après avoir été aligné dans toutes les rencontres. Son 15e but de la saison en Ligue 1 est inscrit sur coup franc, et permet à son club d'égaliser dans les dernières secondes du derby face à St Étienne[. La presse britannique commence à s'intéresser au joueur grâce à ses prestations en Champions League[10]. Son doublé face aux Glasgow Rangers permet à l'OL d'accéder aux 8e de finale de la compétition, où il s'illustre de nouveau face à Manchester United. Les médias rapportent l'intérêt d'Alex Ferguson, l'entraîneur des « Red Devils », ou encore de Adriano Galliani, vice-président du Milan AC, pour le jeune joueur[.
Au terme de la saison, Karim Benzema est désigné meilleur buteur de Ligue 1 grâce à ses 20 réalisations, il inscrit également 6 buts en Coupe de France, 1 en Coupe de la Ligue et 4 en Champions League. À l'issue du vote organisé par France Football pour désigner le « joueur français de l'année », Benzema se classe 3e derrière Franck Ribéry et Thierry Henry. Ses prestations sont également récompensées par l'UNFP, qui lui décerne le trophée du meilleur joueur de Ligue 1. Malgré les sollicitations des clubs étrangers, l'attaquant signe en mars 2008 une nouvelle prolongation de son contrat avec l'Olympique lyonnais. Il s'engage avec le club jusqu'en 2013, avec une année supplémentaire optionnelle. Son contrat est également revalorisé, la presse évoque un salaire mensuel net de l'ordre de 300 000 euros.


En équipe de France
Philippe Bergeroo, entraîneur de l'équipe de France des moins de 17 ans, repère le joueur lors du tournoi de Montaigu qu'il dispute avec son club au printemps 2004. Il est sélectionné pour disputer le championnat d'Europe des moins de 17 ans et s'intègre dans un groupe qui compte déjà dans ses rangs des joueurs offensifs tels que Jérémy Menez et Hatem Ben Arfa. Remplaçant, il inscrit un but lors du premier tour, après être entré en jeu face à l'Irlande du Nord. L'équipe de France remporte la compétition pour la première fois, s'imposant en finale face à l'Espagne. En 2006, Benzema poursuit son parcours dans les sélections de jeunes en intégrant l'équipe de France des moins de 19 ans. Les Français sont tenus en échec par la Biélorussie, puis par l'Écosse, lors de la phase qualificative pour le championnat d'Europe. Malgré trois buts inscrits par Benzema durant la première phase, l'équipe ne peut se qualifier pour la phase finale disputée en Pologne. L'attaquant lyonnais accède rapidement en équipe de France Espoirs, lors de l'été 2006 il est appelé par René Girard pour disputer les matches qualificatifs pour le championnat d'Europe. En octobre, la France est éliminée par Israël lors des matches de barrages.
En novembre 2006, Karim Benzema est appelé en équipe de France par le sélectionneur Raymond Domenech, à l'occasion d'un match amical face à la Grèce. Blessé, il ne peut disputer la rencontre, et est alors approché par l'équipe nationale algérienne. Il décline l'invitation, et déclare : « L'Algérie c'est le pays de mes parents, c'est dans mon coeur, mais sportivement, je jouerai en équipe de France». Benzema effectue ses débuts internationaux avec la France en mars 2007, à l'âge de 19 ans. Après être entré en jeu à la mi-temps, il inscrit le but vainqueur face à l'Autriche, reprenant un coup franc de Samir Nasri. Par la suite, le jeune lyonnais est appelé régulièrement en équipe nationale, il participe notamment à cinq matches qualificatifs pour le championnat d'Europe. En octobre, il inscrit un doublé face aux Îles Féroé, après avoir remplacé Nicolas Anelka à la 46e minute. En mai 2008, Benzema est retenu dans la liste des 23 joueurs français établie par Domenech en vue de l'Euro 2008.

]]> Sat, 06 Sep 2008 22:03:00 EDT http://.tigblog.org/post/472387 36.75 5.083333336.755.0833333 mboyo mbongo. http://.tigblog.org/post/395293
jeunes engage dans les activites par mon implications d'abord comme membnres du club martin lutrher king pour la lutte contre la non violencemais aujourd'hui cette lutte s'etend sur toute ces formes de la violence , faite sur la violence ,la violence faite sur de personne en detention la violence dans milieu sociale,et famille.
dans cette marge de activites nous nous sommes vue ouvrir plusiers porte dont nous avons acceder a devenir membre du friendshipfoundation comme de la jeunesse de l'ONU visant a nous inclure dans le developpemnt de nos societes respectifs.notre participation au congres sear un grand dans l'aboutissement de nos objectifs la realisation de nos projets et enfin d eriger une adresse exactes a nos activites. ]]> Tue, 24 Jun 2008 04:31:00 EDT http://.tigblog.org/post/395293 Palestinian 60th anniversary catasrophe‏ http://.tigblog.org/post/372149
'I will never accept a solution that is based on their return to Israel, any number… I will not agree to accept any kind of Israeli responsibility for the refugees. Full stop. It is a moral issue of the highest level. I don't think that we should accept any kind of responsibility for the creation of this problem.' - Ehud Olmert, Israeli Prime Minister, March 30th, 2008

May 15th, 2008 marks the 60th commemoration of the Palestinian 'Nakba' -the catastrophe- that struck the Palestinian people through the policies and actions surrounding the establishment of the State of Israel on 78% of Historic Palestine. Sixty years ago the world witnessed the expulsion of around 800,000 Muslim and Christian Palestinians from their cities and villages, the killings of civilians and the destruction of hundreds of Palestinian villages. Palestinians were displaced and dispossessed from their homes, creating the largest refugee population in the world.

Today, sadly, the Nakba continues but on a different scale. Israel is perpetuating long-standing policies to forcibly displace a significant amount of the population in the occupied Palestinian territory (oPt).

The following document provides answers to the most frequently asked questions:

1- Who are the Palestinian Refugees?

The original Palestinian refugees wer e approximately 800,000 Muslims and Christians, (amounting to 75% of the Arab population of what became Israel) who fled or were expelled prior to, during and after the 1948 war to create a state for Jews in Palestine. They and their descendents are often referred to as the '1948 refugees'. (See map: Population Movements, 1948-1951,http/ /www.nad-plo. org/images/ maps/pdf/ palreg.pdf).

In 1967, approximately 240,000 Palestinians fled their homes in the occupied West Bank and the Gaza Strip during the war launched by Israel against Jordan and Egypt, capturing and occupying the West Bank, including occupied East Jerusalem, and the Gaza Strip (the oPt). They and their descendents are often referred to as the '1967 displaced persons'.

Since 1967, another 400,000 Palestinians have been displaced from the oPt due to Israeli policies. These policies include home demolitions, settlements and wall construction as well as revocation of residency rights and deportation of Pa lestinians. They have lead to more forced emigration from the oPt.

The victims of these illegal acts who are displaced within the 'borders' of the oPt are referred to as Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs). The exact number is unknown due to the absence of a comprehensive registration system, but they are considered to be around 450,000.

Neither the 1948 refugees nor the 1967 (or more recently) displaced persons have been allowed by Israel to return to their homes in what are now Israel and the oPt.

2- How many Palestinian refugees are there?

Today, the original Palestinian refugees and their descendents are estimated to number more than 7 million and constitute the world's oldest and largest refugee population. They include:

a) 4.5 million 1948 refugees who are registered with UNRWA (2007)
b) 1.5 million 1948 refugees who are not registered with UNRWA either because they did not register or did not need assistance at the time they becam e refugees
c) 950,000 1967 displaced persons, and
d) 350,000 internally displaced in Israel

See map: Palestinian refugees, 2001, http//www.nad-plo. org/images/ maps/pdf/ palreg.pdf

3- Where do the Palestinian refugees live?

Palestinian refugees are dispersed throughout the world, although the majority live within 100 miles of Israel's border. The largest refugee communities reside in Jordan (2,359,000), Syria (465,000) and Lebanon (438,000). Some 1,825,000 refugees live inside the oPt, while an additional 335,000 internally displaced Palestinians live in Israel. The remainder live scattered around the world, primarily in the rest of the Arab World, Europe and the Americas.

More than 1.3 million Palestinian refugees live in 59 U.N administered refugee camps in the oPt, Jordan, Syria and Lebanon and 12 unrecognized refugee camps: 5 in the occupied West Bank, 3 in Jordan and 4 in Syria.

4- How did they become refugees?

'These operati ons can be carried out in the following manner: either by destroying villages (by setting fire to them, by blowing them up, and by planting mines in their debris) and especially of those populations centers which are difficult to control continuously; or by mounting combing and control operations according to the following guidelines: encirclement of the villages, conducting a search inside them. In case of resistance, the armed forces must be wiped out and the population expelled outside the borders of the State.' - Plan Dalet, March 10th, 1948.

Like all refugees, Palestinians left their homes out of fear for their safety as a result of Jewish military operations perpetrated on the ground essentially by the Irgoun and Hagana troops before and during the 1948 war.

Military attacks on Palestinian villages and neighborhoods began as early as December 1947, a few days after the UN Partition Resolution Plan was adopted on 29 November 1947. Coerced expulsions inten sified with the establishment of the Plan Dalet on 10 March 1948 which called for the destruction of Palestinian villages and urban centers and the expulsion of the Arab population living in these areas. Thus, many Palestinians fled due to direct military assaults on their towns and villages; others were forcibly expelled by Jewish military forces. Massacres of Palestinian civilians created an atmosphere of fear that caused many Palestinians to seek safety elsewhere, on the understanding that they would return once the hostilities subsided.

The most famous massacre occurred in Deir Yassin (not far from what is now Israel's Holocaust Memorial) where, by most conservative estimates, the Irgun and Stern troops[15] murdered more than 100 Palestinian men, women and children.

Israelis understandably have a difficult time accepting that their independence came at the expense of the indigenous Palestinians, who were dispossessed of their homeland and property. Israel p erpetuates a number of mythologies with respect to the causes of the Palestinian refugee crisis, including: Arab armies ordered the Palestinian refugees to flee; Arab radio broadcasts ordered the Palestinians to leave; Palestinians do not originally come from Palestine; the refugee crisis was the result of a war started by Arabs.

These mythologies have been debunked not only by newspaper reports (the New York Times in particular), U.N. documents and Palestinian sources, but also by Israeli historians such as Benny Morris or, more recently, Illan Pappe.

Most importantly, even if such theories were true, none negates the Palestinian right of return: under international law, refugees have the right to return regardless of the circumstances through which they became refugees.

5- Why are there Palestinian refugees in Israel?

In 1948, approximately 32,000 Palestinians left their homes but remained within the borders of what became Israel. These Palest inians have never been allowed to return to their homes and villages in Israel, despite the fact that they are Israeli citizens. Their homes, like the homes of other Palestinian refugees, were either demolished or given to Jewish immigrants

6- What happened to the property of the Palestinian refugees?

Following the 1948 war, more than 400 Palestinian villages and towns were destroyed or resettled by Jewish immigrants in an attempt to erase any evidence of a non-Jewish history and attachment to Palestine. Some destroyed Palestinian villages were rebuilt as Jewish towns and given Hebrew names. Although no exact accounting of refugee property exists in Israeli records, sight surveys reveal that much of the Palestinian refugee rural property remains vacant. Nearly all of Palestinian refugee property continues to be held by the State of Israel or the Jewish National Fund. Until now, Israel has refused to discuss the restitution of these confiscated properties.
7- What are Palestinian refugees' rights according to international law?

Under international law, Palestinian refugees' rights are entitled to the following:

- the recognition of Israel's responsibility in the creation and continuation of the refugee issue;
- the recognition and implementation of the principle of the right of return;
- the restitution of Palestinian refugee properties;
- full compensation for these properties (when restitution is not materially possible or if the refugee chooses that the losses should be repaired via compensation) , as well as compensation for the longstanding displacement and suffering of the refugees.

8- Do the Palestinian refugees have the right to return to their homes?

Yes. Under international law, civilians fleeing a war are entitled to return to their homes. The right is embodied in:

U.N Resolution 194 – (passed on 11 December 1948 and reaffirmed every year since 1948).

'…the (Palest inian) refugees wishing to return to their homes and live at peace with their neighbors should be permitted to do so at the earliest practicable date, and that compensation should be paid for the property of those choosing not to return and for loss of or damage to property which, under principles of international law or in equity, should be made good by the Governments or authorities responsible'


Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 10 December 1948 - 'Everyone has the right to leave any country, including his own, and to return to his country' (Article 13 (2)

International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, 21 December 1965 - '…State Parties undertake to prohibit and to eliminate racial discrimination on all its forms and to guarantee the right of everyone, without distinction as to race, color, or national or ethnic origin, to equality before the law, notably in the enjoyment of… (t)he right to leave any country, incl uding one's own, and to return to one's country' (Article 5(d)(ii)).

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 16 December 1966 - 'No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of the right to enter his own country' (Article 12(4)).

International Practice:

In Bosnia, East Timor, Kosovo, and Rwanda refugees have had their right of return honored. In Kosovo, the right of return was considered a 'non-negotiable' issue.

9- Why haven't the Palestinian refugees been able to return to their homes in Israel?

Israel refuses to abide by international law with respect to the rights of the indigenous non-Jewish population. Israel defines itself as a 'Jewish state' and Palestinian refugees are Christians and Muslims. Jews from all over the world and even converts to Judaism are allowed to immigrate to Israel under the 'Law of Return'; but in clear demonstration of religious/ethnic discrimination, the indigenous Palestinian Muslim and Christian pop ulations are banned from returning to their homes.

10- What has the international community done about the Palestinian refugees?

The international community has largely supported the principle of the Palestinian right of return which is reaffirmed every year by the UN General Assembly.

In 1949, the United Nations Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA) was created; it is the primary organization responsible for the welfare of the refugees.

Nevertheless, the international community has failed to take any concrete measures to force Israel to abide by international law and allow the refugees to return.

11- Doesn't the right of return threaten Israel's 'Jewish character'?

Allowing Muslims and Christians to choose to return to their homes or not does not negate Jewish historical attachment to Israel nor does it deny the rights of Jews to immigrate to Israel. The right of return is essentially a right of choice and seeks only to address historic injustices and affirms the rights of the indigenous non-Jewish population.

12- Why can't the host countries simply absorb the Palestinian refugees?

The Palestinian refugees are not from the host countries: they are from what is now Israel and have the right to return to Israel. While some countries have granted Palestinian refugees full citizenship, acquiring rights in another country does not negate a refugee's right to return home.

13- Why can't the future Palestinian State absorb the Palestinian refugees?

Again, according to international law, including UNGA Resolution 194, Palestinian refugees have a right to choose whether to return to their original homes or resettle elsewhere. For the 1948 refugees, resettlement in the Palestinian state may be an attractive option but providing refugees with such an option cannot preclude their right to return.

14- Is property restitution realistic in this case?

Under international law, refu gees, like any other person wrongfully deprived of property, are entitled to restitution. Palestinian refugees have the right to recover their properties. It is only if such restitution is materially impossible or if the refugee chooses that he should be compensated for his/her losses, that compensation should be provided.

The right to restitution is independent of the right to return so that even if a refugee chooses not to return he remains entitled to claim his property. The fact that a great extent of refugee property remains unsettled or vacant means that it would be materially possible to provide restitution in this case. At the very least, refugees should be given the choice as to how they want to resolve their property claims, irrespective of whether they return to what is now Israel.

15- Can't the Palestinian refugee crisis be resolved through financial compensation to alleviate the poverty?

The term 'refugee' does not refer to economic status – it is a legal status: financially successful refugees who have obtained citizenship in other countries are still refugees and still have, for instance, the right to return. Compensation is only one of the remedies to which refugees are entitled. Compensation is therefore necessary but not sufficient to resolve the issue.

16- How has the issue of refugees been addressed in negotiations with Israel?

In 1948, immediately following the adoption of UNGA Resolution 194, Israeli leaders did not reject the Resolution or the right of return or restitution. Instead they sought to delay addressing these matters until a comprehensive peace with Arab states was possible.

At Camp David, in 2000, Israel refused to discuss the rights of the Palestinian refugees, arguing that it bore no responsibility for the refugee problem or its solution. At the Taba negotiations, Israel continued to press for an abandonment of the right of return.

In 2002, the Arab Peace Ini tiative called for 'A just solution to the Palestinian refugee problem to be agreed upon in accordance with UN General Assembly Resolution 194'.

This position represents a willingness on the part of the PLO to consider the legitimate interests and concerns of all stakeholders involved in the matter, including Israel's. Despite Palestinian overtures to discuss Israeli interests, Israel leaders continue to reject acknowledging their responsibility or addressing the rights of the refugees. In an interview given to the Jerusalem Post on 30 March 2008, Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert reiterated that Israel will not accept the return to Israel of any refugees and refused to recognize any responsibility in this regard.

17- How can the 60 year plight of the Palestinian refugees be resolved?

While complex, the Palestinian refugee issue can be resolved in accordance to international law. In practice, this would mean the following:

The recognition of Isr ael's responsibility for the creation and continuation of the refugee issue.

The displacement of the civilian population in time of war is an illegal act in contravention of international law and human rights. Israel was responsible for the displacement and dispossession of the refugees in the first place and then for the subsequent prevention of their return to their homes.

Israel will have to recognize formally its primary responsibility for the Palestinian displacement and dispossession. This formal apology is a right according to international law and is essential for the satisfaction of Palestinian refugees.

The recognition that Palestinian refugees and their descendants have the right to return to their homes in principle.

United Nations General Assembly Resolution 194 is unequivocal in mandating that 'the refugees wishing to return to their homes and live in peace with their neighbors should be allowed to do so'.

In recent years , the right of refugees to return to their homes has been recognized by the international community and put into practice in numerous instances, some of the most notable being in Bosnia and Kosovo.

The modalities of the implementation of this right will be worked out in negotiations.

Palestinian refugees must be given the option to exercise their right of return, though refugees may prefer other options such as:

resettlement in third countries,
resettlement in a new independent Palestine (even though they originate from that part of Palestine which became Israel), or
normalization of their legal status in the host country where they currently reside.

What is important is that refugees decide for themselves which option they prefer – a decision must not be imposed on them. This is a principle which is clearly established under international law and respected by international practice.

The recognition of the right for the restitut ion of the properties lost by Palestinians.

According to international law, restitution is the primary remedy to repair a loss. It is only if restitution is practically impossible (or if the victim of the loss prefers compensation to restitution) that compensation should be made available.

Compensation should be provided in full:

for material damages (Real Estate properties, movable assets, loss of livelihood), and
non-material damages: compensation as a result of the longstanding displacement and suffering.

]]> Fri, 16 May 2008 04:07:00 EDT http://.tigblog.org/post/372149 36.7630556 3.050555636.76305563.0505556